Since the early 1980’s, with the clinical advent of in vitro fertilization resulting in so-called “test tube babies,” a wide array of ethical considerations and concerns regarding artificial womb technology (AWT) have been described. Recent breakthroughs in the development of extracorporeal neonatal life support by means of AWT have reinitiated ethical interest about this topic with a sense of urgency. Most of the recent ethical literature on the topic, however, pertains not to the more imminent scenario of a physiologically improved (...) method of neonatal care through AWT, but instead to the remote scenario of “complete ectogenesis” that imagines human gestation occurring entirely outside of the womb. This scoping review of the ethical literature on AWT spans from more abstract concerns about complete ectogenesis to more immediate concerns about the soon-to-be-expected clinical life support of what we term the fetal neonate or fetonate. Within an organizing framework of different stages of human gestational development, from conception to the viable premature infant, we discuss both already identified and newly emerging ethical considerations and concerns regarding AWT and the care of the fetonate. (shrink)

El presente trabajo aborda de forma introductoria la exploración y explotación minera en la región de Cuyo y el norte neuquino durante las primeras décadas del siglo XIX. Para esto se analizarán las campañas militares de José Félix Aldao y Pedro Pascual Segura hacia “tierra adentro” y sus vínculos tanto con el contexto político y económico de Mendoza como con la situación de las relaciones interétnicas en la frontera sur de dicha provincia. La hipótesis de la que parte el trabajo (...) es que la crisis económica vivida en Mendoza —la cual estuvo acrecentada por los conflictos político y el deterioro de las relaciones diplomáticas con los principales líderes indígenas— llevó a que se impulsen ambas campañas militares con el fin tanto de eliminar a las parcialidades que no eran aliadas como de explorar y adquirir nuevos recursos económicos, entre ellos nuevos yacimientos mineros situados en territorios indígenas. Metodológicamente, se parte principalmente del análisis de fuentes documentales éditas, de las cuales se obtuvieron los datos con los cuales se llevó adelante el presente estudio. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Rhetorical Maneuvers:Subjectivity, Power, and ResistanceKendall R. Phillips and James P. ZappenA sense of subjectivity as fluid, dynamic, and multiple has become almost orthodox throughout the humanities. The widespread influence of poststructural thought has seemingly routed earlier Enlightenment notions of a unified, transcendent subject and opened the door for critical approaches to the numerous and changing manifestations of human subjectivity. The fluidity of the human subject, however, is not without (...) its bounds or constraints. Indeed, the same line of poststructural thinking that served to de-center the Enlightenment subject, especially the work of Michel Foucault, also stipulated that the subject was positioned by larger formations of discourse over which they had limited if any control. These two sides of poststructural subjectivity—its fluidity and its positioning—establish not so much two divergent approaches, but the two poles between which the human subject can be thought to operate. In turn the two poles of the apparent fixity of the subject position and the seeming fluidity of the subjectivity manifested within that position suggest the kind of productive tension through which we are simultaneously limited and enabled by the discourse formations within which we operate and against which we, at times, resist.This productive tension between the multiplicity of the subject and the singularity of the subject position has, of course, been the focus of numerous inquiries. In his later work, Foucault attended to the processes by which the subject makes itself an object upon which work might be done and urged a more aesthetic approach to the continuous crafting of the self.1 Along similar lines, Judith Butler has conceived of the subject in terms of its performativity and the ways that the "I" is crafted through numerous and fluid citations of existing power relations. Conceived in this way, the notion of the "self" is a constantly changing object crafted and re-crafted out of the points of identification provided in the exterior fields of power and knowledge. These points of identification, in turn, provide symbolic anchors by which a subject is moored, at least temporarily, into a particular subject position within which they become identifiable and intelligible in terms of the broader formation of discourse. [End Page 310]In addition to posing a serious challenge to Enlightenment philosophy, this conception of the self as fluid and dynamic presents some vexing questions concerning the practices of self and the capacity of a subject to offer any meaningful challenge to the formations of discourse that constitute its existence. As Butler puts the problem, "The paradox of subjectivation (assujetissement) is precisely that the subject who would resist such norms is itself enabled, if not produced, by such norms" (1993, 15). The theoretical concerns over the relationship between agency and subjectivity also impact upon a series of political questions surrounding the nature and possibility of identity politics and recent debates concerning the importance and efficacy of gaining "recognition" as a political move.2 Whatever one's position within such debates, it is clear that the question of subjectivity and its concomitant questions of subjectivation and agency must be addressed in order to conceive of any kinds of democratic politics.The question of the subject, then, clearly entails broad philosophical and political implications. Rhetorical scholars have entered this conversation with a particular concern for the practices that both constitute and challenge the constitution of the self and many of these scholars have attended specifically to the points of friction between prescribed positions in which a subject is constituted and the dynamic nature of subjectivity as performed. Following from the works of Foucault, Barbara Biesecker (1992), for instance, urges attention to the canon of style as a crucially rhetorical element in the processes by which the individual negotiates relations of power, knowledge, and subjectivity. In a similar vein, Bradford Vivian draws from the works of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari to suggest that rhetoricians recognize "that the self may be conceived as a form—a rhetorical form—that exists only in its continual and aesthetic creation, in its indefinite becoming" (2000, 304). The indefinite nature of this becoming is, for both Vivian and Deleuze and Guattari, a politically crucial insight into the ways that... (shrink)

Our team at the Centre for Clinical Ethics has long been engaged in internal discussion about the purpose and value of ethics debriefs and their purported role in reducing moral distress (Morley an...

Bluhm et al.’s (2023) qualitative study on psychiatric electroceutical interventions describes several types and characteristics of invasiveness identified by psychiatrists and people living with a...

The Hague: the 'village' with court and government -- Dordrecht: the privileged city -- Haarlem: the frontier city of sand and wood -- Delft: the clean city -- Leiden: the old textile city with a new university -- Amsterdam: the city of wise merchants -- Utrecht: the bishop's city.

This article responds to Dominelli’s contribution by mapping three lines of discussion. The first relates to the issue of how to understand voluntary work with regard to the realization of citizenship. The authors argue that this understanding depends on the way citizenship is conceived. Whereas a rights-based conception of citizenship focuses on issues of equal access to voluntary work, a duty-oriented notion of citizenship tends to see voluntarism as embedded in an educational strategy, alongside professionalized social work. The authors plead (...) for an alternative understanding of voluntary work and social work as joined partners in practices of ‘learning democracy’. The second line of discussion revolves around the relation between social and political dimensions of citizenship. With Dominelli, the authors point out how the obscuring of the political dimension risks to nurture societal discourses that put pressure on the welfare state. The third point relates to the difficulties in positioning voluntary work with regard to professional social work. One of these difficulties is the tendency to over-romanticize voluntary work as warm, informal, generous, while giving an exclusively technical reading of social work professionalization. (shrink)

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is presented and understood as the primary reference point regarding questions of children’s rights. However, the UNCRC is not a neutral instrument deployed to meet the rights of children: it embodies a specific perception of the child, childhood and citizenship. The interpretation of the UNCRC from the point of view of children’s legal status emphasises the autonomy of children; the focus is on the rights that children possess. Conversely, the (...) social-political interpretation of the UNCRC addresses the question of how the rights of children can be realised. It is suggested that distinguishing between these interpretations is essential with regard to questions of pedagogy and education. (shrink)

Excerpt from Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, oder Naturrecht und Staatswissenschaft im Grundrisse Unb mit jener eifernen @raft gn (R)tanbe gebraebt toorben bie bor ?i[iem unfern %rennb anbgeicbnete, ibobi aber in ber ?in@fiibrnng, 2[norbnnng nnb in ber gang tonnbérbaren ecbiteftonif, mit ber jebe @eite unb jeber $ranm bebanbeit, in bern %ieif3e, ber jebem qbintet beb (R)ebänbeb angetoanbt ift, in bein einen ebenmiifgigen unb bocb toieber berfcbiebenen (c)tbte, ber bon ber (R)bitg;e bi@ gur (R)rnnbtage ficb bewerten Iäfit, unb ber ba(R) (R)ange (...) jenen sbanten be 9rittetatter@ an bie (R)eite fetgt, bie aneb anf befä;ränften unb engen btätgen erricbtet, trot; bem bnrcb ibre @rbabenbeit bon ber 11rngebnng abgieben, unb naeb ibren (c)bben ben (c)inn 5n ricbten toiffen. I(R)enn toa@ bat ber bentfcbe (R)eift niebt afie@ begriinbet ober 311 begrünben berfncbt? Rnit ber (R)dpanfei unb bein (R)baten ift man bei nné trnnrer bei ber (R)anb, 2riffe 311 Einfügen (R)ebänben werben tbobt aa berfertigt, unb ibre 2in(R)fiibrnng bern C nfet ber niebt mebr baran benit übertaffen, aber fetten finb bie (R)ebanfen, tbeicbe bie 2ibftraftion abfcbtobrenb, aneb (R)eftatten Werben, feitener ber nn; ermnbiicbe (R)eift ber in jebe weitergefcbrittenefläerf bicbtnng feineé (R)tofieö bie %rifcbe be8 qinfangß unb ben bermebrten be6 bnrebianfenen $?reifeß bringt. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Im Jahre 1762 erschütterte ein Korruptionsskandal über die Machenschaften des Landvogts von Grüningen, den drei junge Theologiestudenten -- Johann Caspar Lavater, Johann Heinrich Füssli und Felix Hess -- aufgedeckt hatten, den gesamten Kanton Zürich. Aufgrund der politischen Brisanz dieses Ereignisses sahen sich die drei jungen, für Gerechtigkeit kämpfenden 'Rebellen' gegen das Ancien régime veranlasst, zeitweise ihre Heimat zu verlassen, um ihre literarischen, theologischen und philosophischen Studien beim Aufklärungstheologen Johann Joachim Spalding in Barth in Schwedisch-Pommern vom Frühjahr 1763 bis Anfang (...) 1764 fortzusetzen. Spalding hatte mit seiner Schrift 'Die Bestimmung des Menschen' ethische Massstäbe gesetzt, die nicht nur die drei Zürcher Theologen faszinierten. Damit ging damals von Barth ein Geist der Aufklärung und Rechtschaffenheit aus, der nicht allein die Entwicklung der Ideale der Aufklärung in Europa vorantrieb, sondern an seiner Aktualität bis heute nichts eingebüsst hat. Die Ausstellung und der Begleitband präsentieren erstmals in diesem Kontext die Werke der Literatur und Malerei, die im Umkreis und Nachwirkung dieses helvetisch-deutschen Dialogs von 1763/64 entstanden sind,und stellen sie in einen zeitgeschichtlichen Kontext."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Resumo: O objetivo do presente artigo é contrapor à acusação de tecnofóbico, erroneamente dirigida a Hans Jonas, a sua proposta de uma ethical turn da tecnologia, cujas bases estariam na capacidade ética de impor contenções ao avanço utópico do progresso técnico, algo que leva a ética da responsabilidade ao polêmico conceito de “heurística do temor”. Para tanto, parte-se de um exame sobre o projeto jonasiano de uma filosofia da tecnologia, cuja terceira perspectiva seria valorativa, sendo esta a que ele melhor (...) desenvolveu. A partir daí, analisa-se qual seria o valor da tecnologia, com base no ponto de vista da vida para então se examinar, estrategicamente, a posição de Gerard Lebrun, para quem Jonas estaria entre os filósofos tecnofóbicos. O intuito, nesse caso, é demonstrar a incoerência de tal interpretação, precisamente porque o pensador francês, com grande atuação no Brasil, confunde a proposta da reorientação ética com a imposição de um poder exterior, de cunho paralisante.: The purpose of this article is to counter against the accusation of technophobic, wrongly directed to Hans Jonas, his proposal for an ethical turn of technology, whose bases would be on the ethical capacity to impose restraint on the utopian advance of technical progress, something that leads to the ethics of responsibility to the controversial concept of “heuristic of fear”. To do so, we started from an examination of the Jonasian project of a philosophy of technology, whose third perspective would be valuable, which is the one he developed best. From there, we will analyze what would be the value of technology from the point of view of life and then strategically analyze the position of Gerard Lebrun for whom Jonas should be placed among technophobic philosophers. Our aim, in this case, is to demonstrate the inconsistency of such an interpretation, precisely because the French thinker with an important presence in Brazil, confuses the proposal of ethical reorientation with the imposition of an external power, of a paralyzing type. (shrink)

The way students perceive a learning climate (e.g. controlling or stimulating) is significantly influenced by feedback and assessment. However, at present much is unclear about the relation between feedback and motivational state. More specifically, the interplay with student characteristics is unclear. Since there is a strong increase of group work, the central research question is what are the effects of positive, neutral or negative feedback presented to collaborating teams of students, on students? intrinsic motivation, performance and on group processes? One (...) hundred thirty?eight higher education students participated in this study. There were no significant differences in performance across conditions. Multi?level analysis enabled a detailed comparison between groups and individual members of groups. Amongst others, it was found that feelings of competence facilitate the effect of positive feedback at the group level, which suggests that positive feedback boosts interest especially in groups of highly competent students. (shrink)

Schuklenk and van de Vathorst's paper is a very welcome addition to the literature on the assisted dying debate and will be of great interest to clinicians working in the field of mental health.1 Many psychiatrists will have had patients who have asked them to allow them to die, to desist in their efforts to prevent their suicide, and one of us has had personal experience, outside of professional life, of being asked to aid in someone's attempt to end their (...) life in the context of an episode of mood disorder. The person with depression asking professionals, friends and family members to aid them in ending their life is a very real phenomenon. In their discussion, Schuklenk and van de Vathorst's paper uses two principles that we endorse and add weight to their argument: namely, the reality of suffering in depression and the parity of mental and physical illness. Indeed, the case Schuklenk and van de Vathorst make is a strong one and our commentary will focus on the premise of the argument around choosing death and some empirical clarification about competence in depression and the nature of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and its prognosis. The conceptual concern we wish to discuss in relation to assisted dying, endorsed by the state and legislature, is not linked to any moral or religious concern, or even on grounds related to ‘slippery slope’ or ‘abuse’ arguments. Rather the worry is how one could operationalise decisions around assisted dying as based on competence and capacity and view such decisions as rational. I think this concern is not limited to depressive illness, but to all decisions regarding choosing non-existence. Schuklenk and van de Vathorst offer the following useful criteria to regulate assisted suicide:1. (shrink)

This paper concentrates on some aspects of the history of the analyticsynthetic distinction from Kant to Bolzano and Frege. This history evinces considerable continuity but also some important discontinuities. The analytic-synthetic distinction has to be seen in the first place in relation to a science, i.e. an ordered system of cognition. Looking especially to the place and role of logic it will be argued that Kant, Bolzano and Frege each developed the analytic-synthetic distinction within the same conception of scientific rationality, (...) that is, within the Classical Model of Science: scientific knowledge as cognitio exprincipiis. But as we will see, the way the distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments or propositions functions within this model turns out to differ considerably between them. (shrink)

Resumo: O propósito geral do presente texto consiste em introduzir o sentido e o alcance que noção de improvisação musical pode adquirir no filosofar nietzschiano, e, em especial, no assim chamado período de maturidade de seu itinerário intelectual. Tenciona-se indicar que tal ideia assume uma função reguladora em seu pensamento, possibilitando lançar uma intensiva luz sobre o seu legado e enfatizar, sobretudo, o caráter pluralista e dinâmico deste último.: The present text aims at introducing the meaning and the scope that (...) the notion of musical improvisation may acquire within Nietzsche’s thought - especially in the light of thehis latter writings. It also intends to show that such idea performs a regulatory function within his thought and allows us, at the same time, to shed a bright light on his legacy, serving first and foremost to emphasize its pluralistic and dynamic character. (shrink)

If climate change represents a severe threat to humankind, why then is response to it characterized by inaction at all levels? The authors argue there are two complementary explanations for the lack of motivation. First, our moral judgment system appears to be unable to identify climate change as an important moral problem and there are pervasive doubts about the agency of individuals. This explanation, however, is incomplete: Individual emitters can effectively be held morally responsible for their luxury emissions. Second, doubts (...) about individual agency have become overly emphasized and fail to convincingly exonerate individuals from responsibility. This book extends the second explanation for the motivational gap, namely that the arguments for the lack of individual agency do in fact correspond to mechanisms of moral disengagement. The use of these mechanisms enables consumption elites to maintain their consumptive lifestyles without having to accept moral responsibility for their luxury emissions. (shrink)

Resumo: Pretende-se neste artigo analisar a noção nietzschiana de filósofo do futuro e sua contribuição para o surgimento do novo homem, tendo em vista, prioritariamente, Além de bem e mal. Para tanto, iniciaremos analisando de que forma esta obra pode ser considerada, segundo a pretensão de seu autor, como uma crítica da modernidade e, consequentemente, de que forma ela se constitui como o manifesto de uma tarefa que Nietzsche define como própria dos filósofos do futuro: a superação do passado, ou (...) seja, das formas metafísicas, dogmáticas e ascéticas que orientaram a filosofia ao longo da história, por meio dos “trabalhadores filosóficos”, que agora devem ceder lugar aos autênticos filósofos, cujas lentes fisiopsicológicas examinam o pensamento como sintoma da saúde ou da doença de seus autores. Com isso, Nietzsche substitui a antiga tarefa do filósofo por uma nova missão. Com essa reflexão, acredita-se margear alguns dos problemas centrais da pesquisa do homenageado desse dossiê, prof. Wilson Antonio Frezzatti Jr.: This paper intends to analyze the Nietzschean notion of philosopher of the future and its contribution to the emergence of the new man, having in mind, primarily, Beyond good and evil. In order to do so, we will begin by analyzing how this work can be considered, according to the author’s intention, as a critique of modernity and, consequently, in what way it constitutes the manifesto of a task that Nietzsche defines as proper to the philosophers of the future: the overcoming of the past, that is, of the metaphysical, dogmatic and ascetic forms that have guided philosophy throughout history, through the “philosophical workers”, who must now give way to authentic philosophers, whose physiopsychological lenses examine thought as symptom of the health or illness of its authors. With this, Nietzsche replaces the philosopher’s old task with a new mission. With this reflection, it is believed that some of the central problems of the research of the honoree of this dossier, prof. Wilson Antonio Frezzatti Jr., are bordered. (shrink)

Depois de J. Gómez Caffarena, de C.Bérubé e de R. Macken, sobretudo, terem insistidonuma leitura augustinista da antropologiahenriquina, a nossa contribuição pretende antes retirar asconsequências da correcção do augustinismoque, por meio do avicenismo, Henrique de Gandlevou a cabo. Propomos uma leitura da natureza na sua especificidade metafísica, deanterioridade em relação ao universal e ao singular,tendo como efeito uma antropoteologia que éuma verdadeira mudança de rumo do augustinismocomo uma quota-parte para a Modernidade.Ilustraremos a nossa tese insistindo: nasituação histórica de Henrique, no (...) seu programametafísico-crítico, na doutrina da relação e na daindividuação. Os textos abordados serão daSumma, dos Quodlibet e da Lectura ordinaria.Finalmente, apontaremos para um horizontecontemporâneo em que a antropologia deve serrefeita na relação com a natureza. Por outraspalavras: a natureza do homem não pode passarsem aquilo que faz o homem um ser de natureza.Foi precisamente isto que Henrique de Gandesqueceu devido ao seu avicenismo, mas nãomenos ao seu augustinismo de que é fundamentalnele. (shrink)

The advent of new genetic and genomic technologies may cause friction with the principle of respect for autonomy and demands a rethinking of traditional interpretations of the concept of informed consent. Technologies such as whole‐genome sequencing and micro‐array based analysis enable genome‐wide testing for many heterogeneous abnormalities and predispositions simultaneously. This may challenge the feasibility of providing adequate pre‐test information and achieving autonomous decision‐making. At a symposium held at the 11th World Congress of Bioethics in June 2012 (Rotterdam), organized by (...) the International Association of Bioethics, these challenges were presented for three different areas in which these so‐called ‘new genetics’ technologies are increasingly being applied: newborn screening, prenatal screening strategies and commercial personal genome testing. In this article, we build upon the existing ethical framework for a responsible set‐up of testing and screening offers and reinterpret some of its criteria in the light of the new genetics. As we will argue, the scope of a responsible testing or screening offer should align with the purpose(s) of testing and with the principle of respect for autonomy for all stakeholders involved, including (future) children. Informed consent is a prerequisite but requires a new approach. We present preliminary and general directions for an individualized or differentiated set‐up of the testing offer and for the informed consent process. With this article we wish to contribute to the formation of new ideas on how to tackle the issues of autonomy and informed consent for (public) healthcare and direct‐to‐consumer applications of the new genetics. (shrink)